What Is Breast Implant Illness (BII)?
Breast implant illness (BII) is a group of symptoms that can occur after implant insertion. Though this terminology applies to this group of symptoms, it is not an official medical diagnosis. Symptoms of breast implant illness include fatigue, brain fog, joint pain, and more. BII symptoms can affect anyone regardless of implant type or length of time since insertion.
This article reviews the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of breast implant illness.
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Currently, breast implant illness is not an official diagnosis. There are no diagnostic tests or criteria that define it. Diagnosis is made by a medical history, symptom description, and ruling out other possible causes of the symptoms.
Types of Breast Implant Illness
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has medical device reports (MDRs) for all types of implants regardless of their surface, filling, or shape. This means breast implant illness may affect those with silicone, saline, smooth, and textured implants.
You may also hear people refer to breast implant illness by one of the following terms:
BII
Generalized/unexplained illness
Unexplained systemic symptoms
Breast implant disease
Silicone implant illness
Autoimmune/autoinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA)
How Common Is Breast Implant Illness (BII)?
According to the FDA, determining the rate of breast implant illness is difficult due to information gaps in the medical device reports (MDRs). Gaps include underreporting, duplicates, and missing information. Also, the MDR alone doesn’t confirm that the device is the cause of the symptoms.
The following are the results the FDA did gain from these MDRs:
Age-related data was available in 56% (4,196 of the 7,467) of the MDRs.
The average age of symptom onset was around 42 years old.
The age range of symptom onset was 9–88 years old (some were for children born to women with breast implants).
The time frame from implant surgery to symptom onset was available for 78% (5,798/7,467) of the MDRs.
Symptom onset ranges from 0–42.5 years after breast implant insertion.
The average time from implant insertion to the onset of symptoms was 5.1 years.
Related:Breast Surgery
Breast Implant Illness Signs and Symptoms
Breast implant illness symptoms can range in severity. The signs of BII can occur soon after insertion or many years later.
Common Symptoms
The most common signs and symptoms of BII are:
Breast pain
Fatigue (extreme tiredness not resolved with rest)
Brain fog (problems concentrating)
Joint pain or swelling
Muscle pain
Skin rash
Eye or vision problems
Memory loss
Possible Symptoms
Though this is not an exhaustive list, other symptoms of breast implant illness may include:
Depression
Panic attacks
Anxiety
Hair loss
Dizziness
Headache
Dry skin, hair, and eyes
Stomach problems
It’s important to note that the term breast implant illness is relatively new, and research is sparse. The FDA states that it is difficult to use medical device reports to confirm that the symptoms are from breast implants and not something else.
What Causes Breast Implant Illness?
The cause of breast implant illness is still unknown. Researchers are determining the degree of certainty that the symptoms are due to breast implants.
An autoimmune reaction from the following may cause breast implant illness symptoms:
The implant itself
Pieces of the implant
Leaking silicone
Chemical exposure
Bacteria or other contaminants (biofilm contamination)
The immune system causes inflammation when attacking foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses. An autoimmune reaction is when the body attacks something within itself.
Examples of autoimmune diseases include lupus, Lyme disease, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and more. Autoimmune reactions are also the reason organ transplant recipients take medicine to keep from rejecting their new organ.
The medical community does not widely accept that silicone in medical devices affects the immune system. The FDA and researchers note this topic needs further investigation.
What Is the Treatment for Breast Implant Illness?
Treatment for breast implant illness often involves removing the breast implants and a capsulectomy (removing scar tissue around implants).
If you are considering breast implant removal due to BII symptoms, seek the counsel of a board-certified plastic surgeon with experience in BII and explantation.
What Is Explantation?
Plastic surgeons call the removal of breast implants an explantation. An explanation may also involve removing or releasing the scar tissue surrounding the implant (capsule).
The following are various types of explantations:
En bloc explantation: The plastic surgeon removes the implant and scar tissue as one unit.
Explant with total capsulectomy: The plastic surgeon removes the implants and then the scar tissue (capsule). The advantage of a total capsulectomy is that it prevents substances within the capsule from escaping into the body. It also decreases the risk of a seroma (fluid buildup).
Explant with partial capsulectomy: The surgeon removes the implant and a portion of the scar tissue.
Open capsulotomy: The surgeon removes the scar tissue, but the capsule remains in the patient.
Most surgeons don’t recommend getting implants again after breast implant illness. Discussing alternative reconstruction options with your plastic surgeon before surgery is also essential.
When implant removal is complete, the plastic surgeon may rinse the area with an antibiotic solution to help remove any present bacteria. They will also send the tissue to the lab to evaluate for bacteria and rule out breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL).
Studies show 68.5% of patients with BII symptoms had at least one bacterial contaminant present upon breast implant removal. The most common organisms found were:
Propionibacterium acnes (49.6%)
Propionibacterium acnes (49.6%)
Staphylococcus epidermidis (26.2%)
Propionibacterium granulosum (16.8%)
Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus species (8.7%)
Additional treatment may involve medications such as:
Related:Pros and Cons of Autologous Breast Augmentation
Prognosis
Most women report that symptoms of breast implant illness go away shortly after implant removal. Though some women find their symptoms remain, most eventually experience relief within three to six months after breast implant removal.
Results from one research study shows:
All participants with bacterial contaminants report improvement after implant removal.
No cases of breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) among those with BII and implant removal.
A capsulectomy, in addition to implant removal, is more effective than a removal alone.
Coping With Breast Implant Illness
Coping mechanisms are different for everyone. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers its How Right Now tool to help you identify your feelings. It provides suggestions for coping mechanisms to guide you.
Problem-Focused Coping Mechanisms
If breast implant illness is causing fatigue or brain fog, you may want to consider problem-focused coping mechanisms. This may involve:
Asking for help or support
Establishing healthy boundaries (learn to say no to things you don’t want to do or don’t have time to do)
Creating to-do lists or using other organizational tools
Emotional and Mental Coping Mechanisms
If you struggle with stress, self-esteem issues, depression, and anxiety, the following emotional coping mechanisms may be helpful.
Make time for self-care (spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical)
Get creative or find a fun hobby
Practice stress reduction and relaxation techniques
Spend time in nature
Reach out to friends or family
Reach out to someone in your faith community
You can also connect with support groups or breast implant illness communities such as Healing: Breast Implant Illness. It can help to discuss challenges with others who face the same, so you don't as feel alone.
Healthy Lifestyle
The following are common lifestyle changes that can help you cope and boost your overall health and wellness.
Eat a balanced diet
Exercise regularly
Stay hydrated (drink more water, avoid alcohol and caffeine)
Get at least seven to eight hours of sleep each night
Summary
Breast implant illness (BII) is a group of physical symptoms that can occur for those with breast implants. Symptoms may begin right after implant insertion or many years later. Some of the most common symptoms are fatigue, joint pain, brain fog, anxiety, and hair loss.
There is no definitive cause of BII, but researchers speculate it could be due to an autoimmune reaction and bacterial contaminants. Treatment typically involves medication or removing the breast implants and any scar tissue (capsulectomy). Most (though not all) symptoms resolve within six months of breast implant removal.
